< PreviousCOMPARE AND CONTRAST How do criteria and constraints differ? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Cleans one side of the tank in 30 seconds.Materials cost no more than $6.45 for each tool.Must use no more than 4 magnets.Cleans below the gravel at the bottom of the tank.Scrubs the inside of the tank and polishes the outside of the tank at the same time.Floats to the top if dropped in the tank.Takes no more than 1 minute to put together the tool.© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4290Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.Define the ProblemHow do criteria and constraints affect solutions?Directions: Analyze a solution for criteria and constraints to show what you know. Two engineers designed a fish tank scrubber for Pete’s Pet Shop. Pete said he wanted the scrubber to work without putting his hands in the water or taking the fish out of the tank. Analyze the features of their design. • Circle the likely criteria.• Draw a box around the likely constraints.ModelRedesignTestPlanProblem© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4291Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.Plan SolutionsEXAMPLEMake a Team PlanAn engineering team is planning a way to protect apple trees from hail. The team:• Imagines and brainstorms about a roof, a net, or clear boxes that could be put over the trees.• Decides that a net shaped like a roof will be most successful.• Examines the different types of netting and tests the strength of each.• Brainstorms about how to build the netting roof.• Checks their design plan against the constraints.• Adjusts their plan so the cost of it is within the budget.Engineering teams work together to solve problems. Team members:• Imagine different ways to solve the problem. • Brainstorm about how each idea might work. • Decide which ideas have the best chance of being successful. • Find out more about materials they might use or parts of the problem. • Add good ideas to the solution and make a plan.• Check their plan against the constraints—time, budget, and materials. • Change the plan until it is within the constraints.Some photos courtesy of USDAProblemModelRedesignTestPlan© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4291Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.Plan SolutionsGENERALIZE What does an engineering design plan tell you? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Small(less than 3 feet high)Medium(7 feet high)Large(15 feet high)Frogs, salamanders,snakes, turtles, mice,squirrels, weasels Bobcats, foxes,coyotes, rabbits, raccoons, skunks Bears, deer,mountain lions; mostmedium-sized animals SmallCulvert sizeAnimal sizeExamplesMediumLargeHow does an engineering team plan a solution to a problem?The problem: A state’s Department of Roads made a highway wider. They want to reduce the number of animals that are hit when the animals try to cross the road. ProblemModelRedesignTestPlanThe team is _____________________________________________________________________.The team is _____________________________________________________________________.The team is _____________________________________________________________________.Directions: Think about the problem and study the photos. Write a caption to show what you know.• About the size of a small house cat• Lives in the desert• In danger of dying outKit Fox• About twice as big as a house cat• Lives in forest and desert• Many live in the U.S.BobcatSome photos courtesy of USFWSEXAMPLEtank with waterfinished model© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4292Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.Make a ModelBuild to the PlanAn engineering team planned how to grow vegetables indoors without soil. They built a prototype that showed how. Their plan described how to use these materials.Models show one solution to a problem. Models take different forms.• Physical copies• Pictures or photos• Computer simulations• Maps such as land or animal ranges• Drawings with measurements• Number sentencesProblemRedesignTestPlanModelModels can be bigger or smaller than the real thing. Usually, they do not show all parts of the final solution. A prototype is a special kind of model. A prototype shows exactly what the final solution looks like and how it solves the problem.The engineering plan describes how to make the model. The plan can have drawings and steps to follow. The team can still change the plan. Often, small changes are needed as the model is being built. If changes are needed, the team checks to make sure the model still meets the constraints. If the model does not, the team makes more changes until it does meet the constraints.platformgrowing materialtankcupsrulertapecottonballsplatesgrowing material to put into cupswick to move water up into the cupsseeds to go in the growing materialThey followed the plan to build their model.SUMMARIZE A model can take different forms. A model shows __________________ _____________________________________________________________________________.© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4292Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.Make a Model12345How does a model reflect the plan?ProblemRedesignTestPlanModelProblem: A farmer wants to protect her apple trees from severe weather, such as a hailstorm. Plan: The team constructs a roof-like structure covered with netting. They think the netting will protect the trees from hail.Problem: A city wants to build an earthquake-safe building. Plan: The team builds a model with multiple stories. It shows cross-braces, which strengthen walls.Problem: A construction company wants to build a house that can be heated with the sun’s energy. Plan: The team builds a house from foam. They choose where to punch out windows to let light from a lamp shine in.Problem: The Department of Roads widened a highway. They want to reduce the number of animals hit when the animals cross the road.Plan: The team adds fences and tunnels to a simulator. Tokens dropped down the simulator show how animal movements cannot be predicted. Directions: Study the problems and plans. Draw lines to match the model with the plans to show what you know.12345EXAMPLE© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4293Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.Test to Check for SuccessEngineers conduct tests with their models to learn if their solutions are successful. They know their solution already meets the constraints of the problem. Testing the model in real conditions shows if the solution meets the criteria of the problem. Criteria are conditions that can be measured. Data collected in tests measure how well the criteria are met. Tests also might show that the solution fails to meet one or more of the criteria. Failing a test helps engineers, too. They learn which parts need to be improved.A company wants to design a house that can be heated with energy from the sun. They hired a team of engineers to solve the problem. The company gave three criteria.•When the sun is shining, the temperatureinside the house increases by at least 4°Cabove the starting temperature.•Twenty minutes after the sun goes down,the temperature inside the house is at least1°C above the starting temperature.•At least two types of flooring materialshould be included.ProblemModelRedesignPlanTestTwo teams could test their house models at the same time in the testing station. They could use flooring, a timer, and a thermometer to collect data.flooring materialslampthermometerthermometermodelstimerTest the ModelA toy company hired a team of engineers to make a prototype of a new goop-like stretchy toy. The company gave these criteria. The team conducted four tests.Criteria• Flow at least 1 centimeter in 5 minutes• Bounce at least 7 centimeters• Stretch at least 30 centimeters without breaking apart• Not leave a sticky messHow do tests help decide if a solution is successful?Directions: Study the tests. Draw lines to match the tests and the criteria to show what you know.ProblemModelRedesignPlanTestBouncinessStretchinessFlow RateStickiness© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4293Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.Test the ModelEXAMPLE© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4294Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.Reflect & RedesignImprove the Solution A service club wanted teams to design ways to grow vegetables indoors without soil. Five teams worked on the problem. Each figured out a different way to solve it. After testing, they presented their solutions to the service club. Read the claims one team made.Engineers discuss what they found out. They describe their models and tests. They communicate their results in words, pictures, and examples.Listening to others’ findings helps the team figure out more about their own solution. They might hear a good idea that was more successful than theirs. They could add it to their own solution to optimize it. Optimizing a solution means to make the solution as good as it can be.ProblemModelTestPlanRedesignOur early test results showed the cups would hold the seedlings better than the screen, so we used cups with wicks.The solution worked well because the lettuce plants grew 6 centimeters in one week. At first, we used gravel to hold the plants. We figured out that the gravel and foam mixture would hold more water. So we used that.We learned that our cups were too small to hold the lettuce plants as they started to grow. We would improve our solution by using larger cups. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4294Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.Reflect & RedesignHow do engineers improve their solutions?Directions: Cross out any claim that you think would NOT be included in the team presentation.ProblemModelTestPlanTestRedesignThe Department of Roads made a highway wider. They want to reduce the number of animals that are hit while crossing. One team presented their solution.A pet shop wanted a tank scrubber for cleaning fish tanks inside and out. They did not want to remove the fish during cleaning. One team presented their solution.• We chose the ring magnets to use for the scrubber because they were the strongest magnets in our tests. They could attract even with the glass between them.• We used medium-sized tunnels because more animals would move through a tunnel that size.• We didn’t think the project was very much fun, so we didn’t try very hard.• We were able to use only one large tunnel to stay within our budget.• We made the inside part of the scrubber out of a wood block because we found out that wood floats.• Deer that are in the park next to the school need a wildlife tunnel to move out of the area.• The scrubber was successful because we could clean below the gravel line and most of one side of the tank in 30 seconds.• Our solution was not successful because we did not meet the criteria. We did not protect 2/3 of animals we tried hardest to protect.• The fish seemed to hide when we had the scrubber working in the tank.• People should not hit animals on the road. They need to drive slower.• We would spend our budget on more small tunnels to optimize our solution.• We could try the rectangular magnets like Thomas’ group. They were bigger, but not as strong. But their scrubber cleaned more of the tank than our scrubber did.• We could have used more fences. Other groups that used fewer tunnels and more fences were more successful. • We found out that Earth acts like a magnet. That’s why compasses work.• Part of our group didn’t think the tunnels and fences would work in real-life. Some photos courtesy of USFWS© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4295Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.Solve Engineering ProblemsEngineers Needed!Use the engineering design process to solve problems. Engineers don’t stop when they think they have solved the problem. They try again to make the solution as good as it can be.Reflect and RedesignTest the ModelMake a ModelEngineering Design ProcessPlan SolutionsDefine the ProblemA city council wants to build an earthquake-safe building within a budget. They hire engineers to build a model that shows how. The model should sway for 8 seconds or less and use 2 earthquake-safety technologies. The team builds the model according to their plan. They make a few changes as they put it together. They add the changes to the plan. When they changed something, they double-checked their budget.The team tests the model on the shake table. They record their results and compare them with the criteria.The team shares their plan and results. They also listen to other teams who solved the same problem. Then, they optimize their plan to make it more successful.The team tests different ideas that might solve the problem and meet the criteria. Then they brainstorm to create a plan and then revise it to meet the budget. They check their plan against the constraints.Next >