< Previous\|xiBAHBDy01800rzu++A Series CircuitA Parallel CircuitElectric ChargeAll matter is made up of ___________________. Atoms are made of ___________________. charged protons, negatively charged ___________________, and ___________________, which carry no charge. Charged objects either push or pull on other charged objects. Objects with like charges ___________________ each other, while objects with opposite charges ___________________ each other.Electric CurrentA flow of electric charges is called "___________________ ___________________ . " The rate of electric current expressed in amps (A) measures the amount of ___________________ that flow through a material past a given point per second. The letter _____ is used as the symbol for current in equations.There are two kinds of electric current – __________________ __________________ and ___________________ ___________________ .The charges in ___________________ ___________________ flow one way, then the other way, continually reversing direction. The charges in ___________________ ___________________ always flow in the same direction.VoltageWhat is voltage? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ResistanceWhat is resistance? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________Ohm’s LawDescribe Ohm’s Law: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Electric PowerWhat is electric power? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Electric power is measured in ______________________ .Circuits Series CircuitsDescribe a series circuit: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Parallel CircuitsDescribe a parallel circuit: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4807www.newpathlearning.comKey Vocabulary Terms•alternating current•amp•atom•attract•charge•circuit•direct current•electric current•electric power•electricity•matter•ohm•Ohm’s law•parallel circuit•repel•resistance•series circuit•volt•voltage•wattCurrent (amps)Voltage (volts)Power (watts)Resistance (ohms)Voltage (volts)Current (amps)ElectricityElectrical Energy© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4381Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.What is Electrical Energy?Electrical energy is kinetic energy that comes from electric current. Any appliance or device that is plugged into an electrical outlet uses electricity. Electrical energy changes to other forms of energy, like light, when the switch is turned on. A radio transforms electrical energy to sound. A stove transforms electrical energy to heat energy.motion / noiselightelectrical outletelectrical currentsolar panelswind turbinesWhere does electricity come from?Electrical energy can be created from a variety of sources including fossil fuels, such as oil and coal, and renewable resources, such as wind and the Sun.© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4381Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.Pause & ReviewElectrical energy can change to other forms of energy. Identify the new forms of energy: heat, light, noise, or motion. Some may have 2 forms of energy.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Electrical Energy2:131 2 34 5 67 8 90Visible LightradiowavesmicrowavesX-raysultravioletinfraredgammarays1+--+234567890Electromagnetic Spectrumimageplane mirrorobjectvirtual imageobjectconvex lensfocalpointfocalpoint(less than 1 focal length from lens)concave lensfocalpointfocalpointobjectvirtualimagefocalpointfront ofmirrorback ofmirrorreal imageobjectoptical axisfront ofmirrorback ofmirrorfocalpointvirtualimageobjectoptical axisWhat Is Light?Light is everywhere. It is produced by luminous objects, such as fires, light bulbs and the Sun. Unlike sound, light does not require matter through which to travel, and it can travel through a vacuum such as space. Light travels at 300 million m/s, faster than anything scientists have yet to discover.Light is an electromagnetic wave that is made of vibrating electric and magnetic fields which are at right angles to each other. The light that we can see is called visible light, but there is also light that we cannot see, including ultraviolet light and infrared light. Visible light makes up just a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum, but it too can be broken up into different wavelengths. When passed through a glass prism, an ordinary light beam refracts into the many different colors or wavelengths of light. Light and ColorThe three primary colors of light are red, green and blue. The combination of these primary colors produces white light. Reflection of LightRefraction of LightPlane MirrorsLight that bounces off surfaces is called reflection. Because mirrors reflect light evenly, we can see an image in them. A mirror with a flat surface is called a plane mirror. It is usually made from a sheet of flat glass, with a thin coating of aluminum or silver on the back to reflect the light. Concave MirrorsA mirror with a surface that curves inward is called a concave mirror. The type of image formed by a concave mirror depends on the optical axis, focal point and focal length of the mirror. Convex MirrorsA mirror with a surface that curves outward is called a convex mirror. The image formed by a convex mirror is right side up but smaller than the original. Although light normally travels in straight lines, it can bend at the boundary between two materials with different densities. This is called refraction. LensesConvex LensA convex lens is thicker in the middle than around the edges. Convex lenses form different kinds of images depending on the distance between the object and the lens.Concave LensA concave lens is thinner in the middle than around the edges. The image formed by a concave lens is virtual and smaller than the object.The color of an object is determined by the wavelengths of light that reach our eye. A red-colored object appears red because only red light is reflected while the other colors of light are absorbed. Objects appear black because they absorb all the colors of light, while white objects appear white because they reflect all the colors of light.redbluegreenyellowmagentacyanFocal point is behind the mirror. Image is always upright and reduced.glassairair© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4810www.newpathlearning.comLightimageplane mirrorobjectvirtual imageobjectconvex lensfocalpointfocalpoint(less than 1 focal length from lens)concave lensfocalpointfocalpointobjectvirtualimagefocalpointfront ofmirrorback ofmirrorreal imageobjectoptical axisfront ofmirrorback ofmirrorfocalpointvirtualimageobjectoptical axis2:131 2 34 5 67 8 90Visible Light1+--+234567890Concave MirrorsWhat Is Light?Light is everywhere. It is produced by luminous objects, such as fires, light bulbs and the Sun. Unlike sound, light does not require ________________ through which to travel, and it can travel through a vacuum such as space. Light travels at _______________ faster than anything scientists have yet to discover. Light is an ________________ __________ that is made of vibrating electric and magnetic fields which are at right angles to each other. The light that we can see is called _____________ _____________ , but there is also light that we cannot see, including _____________ ____________ and ____________ ____________ . Visible light makes up just a small part of the __________________ ______________ , but it too can be broken up into different ______________. When passed through a glass prism, an ordinary light beam ______________ into the many different _____________ or ______________ of light. Light and ColorThe three primary colors of light are _________ , __________ and __________ . The combination of these primary colors produces ______________ ______________ . Reflection of LightRefraction of LightPlane MirrorsConvex MirrorsRefractionLensesConvex LensConcave LensThe color of an object is determined by the ___________________ of light that reach our eye. A red-colored object appears red because only __________ light is reflected while the other colors of light are absorbed. Objects appear black because they _______________ all the colors of light, while white objects appear white because they _______________ all the colors of light.Describe a plane mirror:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Describe refraction:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Describe a concave mirror:_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Describe a convex lens:_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Describe a convex mirror:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________Describe a concave lens:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________Key Vocabulary Terms•absorb•concave lens•concave mirror•convex lens•convex mirror•electromagnetic wave•focal length•focal point•gamma rays•light•magnetic field•microwaves•optical axis•plane mirror•primary colors•radio waves•reflection•refraction•ultraviolet light•visible light•wavelength•x-rays\|xiBAHBDy01804pzY© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4810www.newpathlearning.comredbluegreenyellowmagentacyanLightConservation of EnergyAs energy is transformed, the total amount of energy does not change. The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed. A roller coaster car is lifted to the top of a steep hill using mechanical kinetic energy. At the top, it has a large amount of potential energy. As it moves down the hill, it has kinetic energy again. However, some of its energy is converted to sound and thermal energy due to friction. As it continues, the car’s energy decreases as it is transformed to other types of energy, but the total amount of energy does not change.law of conservation of energy: potential energykinetic energysound energythermalenergyenergy cannot be created or destroyedpotential energykinetic energy© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4874Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.Potential energy is stored energy.Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. Anything moving has kinetic energy.Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but transformed from one type of energy to another.Conservation of Energy© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4874Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.Pause and ReviewEnergy changes form, but the total amount of energy in the universe stays the same.Fill in the blanks with the following terms (some may be used more than once) : radiant (light) energy chemical energy mechanical energy kinetic energy electrical energy sound waves1. A car engine burns gasoline, converting the ____________________________ in gasoline into ____________________________. 2. Solar cells change ____________________________ into ____________________________. 3. When you hit a nail with a hammer, the ____________________________ of the hammer is transferred to the nail and drives it in.4. When you press on a car’s brakes while the car is moving, the ____________________________ of the car is transferred to the brake disc making the car stop while generating ____________________________.5. When you slam on the brakes to make the car stop quickly you hear a loud screeching noise. Some of the ____________________________ is converted into ____________________________.GASSTOPConservation of EnergyInclined PlaneWheel and AxleScrewWedgeLeverPulleyBikes move by using wheels and axles, too.fixed pulleymoveable pulleyIn science, work is when you use force upon an object causing the object to move. The amount of work you do depends on how much force you use and how far you move an object. You do more work lifting up a heavy desk than lifting up a pencil. If you do not move an object, no matter how hard you push or pull, no work is being done. In order for work to be done, an object needs to move. © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4309www.newpathlearning.comSimple machines make doing work easier but they never decrease the amount of work that needs to be done. There are many different kinds of simple machines. An inclined plane is a simple machine that is a plane or a ramp that connects a higher area to a lower area. This simple machine allows you to move an object up or down by rolling or sliding it without lifting the object directly. A wedge is a simple machine made of wood or metal that has a pointed edge and two slanted sides. A wedge is actually two inclined planes put together. A wedge is often used to split wood, to cut things, or to hold things together.A screw is an inclined plane that is wrapped around a nail. Screws are mainly used to fasten things together tightly. A lever is a simple machine that is a stiff bar, which rests and moves on a fixed point. You can push down on one side to raise an object on the other side. A see saw is an example of a lever. A hammer can also be used as a lever.A pulley is a simple machine that is made up of a wheel with a grooved rim in which a rope can move around in order to help lift a load. When you use a pulley you can use your own body weight to help raise an object by pulling the object up. There are two kinds of pulleys. A movable pulley is attached to the load and moves with the load as the rope is pulled. A fixed pulley is attached to a non-moving structure above the load.A wheel and axle is a simple machine made up of a pole and a wheel that revolves or turns around on the pole. A door knob is an example of a wheel and axle.inclined planeForces - How Simple Machines WorkinputforceoutputforceinputforceoutputforceoutputforceoutputforceinputforceinputforceoutputforceWork & MachinesInclined PlaneWheel and AxleScrewWedgeBikes move by using wheels and axles, too.How do scientists define work?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What do simple machines allow you to do?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Forces - How Simple Machines WorkinputforceoutputforceinputforceoutputforceoutputforceoutputforceinputforceinputforceoutputforceDescribe an inclined plane:________________________________________________________________________________________________Describe a screw:________________________________________________________________________Describe a wheel and axle:____________________________________________________________Describe a wedge:_________________________________________________________________________________________Key VocabularyTermsfixed pulleyforceinclined plane levermovable pulleypulleyscrewsimple machineswedgewheel and axleworkLeverDescribe a lever:____________________________________________________________________________________________________PulleyDescribe a pulley:______________________________________________________How is a movable pulley different from a fixed pulley? __________________________________________________________© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4309www.newpathlearning.com\|xiBAHBDy01740qzZWork & Machinespoint Bpoint AThe same force that causes an apple to fall to the ground also moves the planets. The moon revolves around the Earth because of the gravitational force between them. Newton’s Law of GravitationThe pins don’t move until the ball hits them.Marbles exert equal force on each other.Both marbles change velocity and direction.Isaac Newton (1642-1727)Sir Isaac Newton is regarded as one of the greatest scientists and mathematicians in history. He used mathematics to develop the laws of motion and gravity. Newton wrote his most famous book Principia Mathematica in which he described and explained the three basic laws that rule the way objects move. Motion is the process of an object changing its place or its position. Speed is a measure of how fast an object is moving. 510152025303540455055Force is a push or a pull upon an object. Newton's Theory of GravityAll objects in the universe apply a gravitational force (force of attraction) on other objects. The strength of the gravitational force is dependent upon the mass of the objects and the distance between them. The larger the mass of the objects, the larger the force is between the two objects. The farther away the two objects are, the weaker the gravitational force is between them. Earth’s gravity pulls all objects toward its center. An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay in motion at the same speed and in the same direction unless a force acts on it. Example: A bowling pin standing on a flat surface will remain at rest, unless a force such as a bowling ball causes it to move.Acceleration is produced when a force acts on an object. Acceleration of an object depends on its mass and the amount of force applied.Example: The same force applied on the larger ball produces a correspondingly smaller acceleration. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Example: When 2 marbles collide, they apply force on each other. The force applied causes both marbles to change their speed and direction.The lighter ball will travel farther faster.123Newton’s First Law of MotionNewton’s Second Law of MotionNewton’s Third Law of Motion© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4509www.newpathlearning.comsimilar sizesimilar forcelarger masslarger forcelarger distance weaker forceNewton’s Laws of MotionNext >