< PreviousPause and ReviewCreate a concept map to describe the formation of the solar system.Formation of Our Solar System© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4576Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.Formation of Our Solar Systemcomposed offormed byformed byformed byThe SunPhotos courtesy of NASA.Structure of the SunThe Sun is a massive burning ball of gases held together by gravity. It is primarily composed of helium and hydrogen gases. The Sun has three main layers—the core, the radiative zone and the convective zone. The Sun’s atmosphere is made up of the photosphere, chromosphere and corona.Sunspots are cooler, darker areas of gas on the Sun’s surface. Solar FlaresSolar flares are enormous areas of extreme temperature on the Sun’s surface, caused by magnetic fields. They typically occur near sunspots. The PhotosphereThe photosphere is the inner layer of the Sun’s atmosphere. This gaseous layer is thick enough to be visible. When we look at the Sun, we are seeing the photosphere.The ChromosphereJust beyond the photosphere is a thin layer called the chromosphere, which has a reddish color. The chromosphere can be seen during a total solar eclipse when the Moon covers the Sun.The Sun’s CoronaThe outer atmosphere of the Sun is called the corona. It is composed of gases and extends for millions of kilometers beyond the Sun. The corona can only be seen during a total solar eclipse.© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4579Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.The Core & Nuclear FusionThe core at the center of the Sun produces the Sun’s heat. This energy is produced by hydrogen nuclear fusion reactions. The Radiative ZoneEnergy produced in the Sun’s core is carried to the Sun’s surface in the form of light energy called photons. This energy moves from the core into a very dense radiative zone.The Convective ZoneThe outer layer of the Sun is called the convective zone. Hot gases in this layer rise toward the surface, where they become cooler and denser. The gases then descend back into the Sun. This circulating movement is called convection, and is similar to currents in the Earth’s mantle.coresolar eclipsecoronachromosphereconvection currentsphotospherechromosphereflarePause and ReviewLabel the structures of the Sun. The SunDescribe each structure.1. _______________________________________________________________________2. _______________________________________________________________________3. _______________________________________________________________________4. _______________________________________________________________________5. _______________________________________________________________________6. _______________________________________________________________________© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4579Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.The Electromagnetic SpectrumElectromagnetic Spectrum Although every electromagnetic wave travels at the same speed, each can have a different wavelength and frequency. The electromagnetic spectrum organizes types of light by decreasing wavelength and increasing frequency, from left to right. It includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared light, visible light, ultraviolet light, x-rays, and gamma rays. 2:131 2 34 5 67 8 90longestshortestwavelengthlowesthighestfrequencylowesthighestenergyRadio WavesRadio waves range in wavelength from thousands of meters to about 30 cm. In addition to using radio waves to broadcast radio and TV signals, astronomers use radio signals from distant parts of the universe to study the composition of stars and planets. radio wavesM2M2C1GHIPQRSgamma rays© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4477Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.MicrowavesMicrowaves have wavelengths from about 30 cm to 1 mm. In addition to cooking our food, microwaves are used by cell phones and GPS devices. Infrared Infrared light has wavelengths in the range of 700 nm and 1mm. Your TV remote uses infrared light to send a signal to change the channel. Infrared cameras and night vision goggles allow you to see infrared light. Warm objects will appear as bright colors. Visible LightVisible light waves have wavelengths in the range of 400 nm to 700 nm. These wavelengths are seen by humans as different colors. The longest wavelength, 700 nm, is seen as red light, while the shortest wavelength of 400 nm is seen as violet light. This range of colors which humans can see is called the visible spectrum.Ultraviolet LightThe wavelength of ultraviolet light ranges between 60 nm and 400 nm. A limited amount of ultraviolet light from the Sun reaches Earth. X Rays X-rays have wavelengths ranging from 0.001 nm to 60 nm and can penetrate many types of materials, including your body. Gamma RaysGamma rays have wavelengths shorter than 0.1 nm but the highest frequency of all electromagnetic waves. Gamma rays can easily pass through most materials. 1+--+234567890ortestngthty2:131 2 34 5 67 8 90The energy of electromagnetic waves is related to wavelength and frequency. Energy is directly proportional to frequency and inversely proportional to wavelength. Wave energy increases across the spectrum. Radio waves have the lowest energy while gamma rays have the highest energy.Visible LightThe Electromagnetic SpectrumPause and ReviewFill in the ovals and boxes with labels and/or details that are appropriate.© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4477Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.Magnetic Fieldarepart ofarepart ofElectromagnetic WavesRadio WavesVisible Lightare made up ofare used forare used forare used forare used forare usedforwhich refracts into__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________EurasianPlateNorth American PlateEurasian PlateArabian PlateAfrican PlateSouth American PlatePacific PlateIndian PlateAustralian PlateAntarctic PlateNazcaPlateCocosPlateEarth’s CrustEarth’s outermost layer is the crust. There are two different types of crust. Basaltic oceanic crust pours out from the mantle and is found under the oceans. It is the denser of the two types of crust, but it is also the thinner of the two. The second type of crust is continental crust. The crust moves over the Earth’s surface in large pieces called tectonic plates. Tectonic plates are constructed in layers with crust on the top and a piece of the solid upper mantle below. Geologists call this combination of crust and upper mantle the lithosphere. Tectonic Plate BoundariesThe three types of plate boundaries - convergent, divergent and transform – are found at the edge of the lithospheric plates and are characterized by their distinct motions. A divergent boundary, or spreading centerAt this boundary, two plates move away from one another. As the two plates move apart, mid-ocean ridges are created as magma from the mantle rises through a crack in the oceanic crust and cools. New oceanic crust is formed on both sides of the creack in the ocean floor.A convergent boundary or subduction zoneAt this boundary the plates converge or push into one another. The type of convergence that takes place between plates depends on the kind of lithosphere involved. Convergence can occur between an oceanic and a continental plate, or between two oceanic plates, or between two continental plates.A conservative or transform boundary This boundary is called conservative because plate material is neither created nor destroyed at these boundaries, but rather plates slide past each other horizontally. An example of a transform plate boundary is the San Andreas Fault in southern California. Tectonic PlatesAccording to the theory of plate tectonics, scientists believe that the Earth's surface is broken into a number of shifting slabs or plates. These plates are in constant motion traveling a few centimeters per year. The edges of these plates, where they move against each other, are sites of intense geologic activity, such as earthquakes, volcanoes and mountain building. Major Tectonic Plates1. Pacific plate2. North American plate3. Cocos plate4. Nazca plate5. South American plate 6. African plate 7. Eurasian plate 8. Indian plate 9. Australian plate 10. Antarctic platevolcanoesContinentalcrustOceanic crustrift valleymagmaLithosphereConvergent boundaryConvergent boundaryTransformboundaryDivergentboundaryDivergentboundaryLithospheretrenchtrenchmid-ocean ridgeSubduction zone1.2.3.4.5.6.7.7.8.9.10.© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4105www.newpathlearning.comSubduction ZoneTrenchVolcanicarcContinental crustPlate TectonicsTrenchVolcanicarcvolcanoes1.2.3.4.5.6.7.7.8.9.10.Tectonic Plate BoundariesThere are three types of plate boundaries.1. _________________________________Describe:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________2. _________________________________Describe:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________Earth’s CrustEarth’s outermost layer is the _________________________. There are two different types of crust. ____________________________ pours out from the mantle and is found under the oceans. It is the denser of the two types of crust, but it is also the thinner of the two. The second type of crust is __________________________. The crust moves over the Earth’s surface in large pieces called ____________________________. Tectonic plates are constructed in layers with crust on the top and a piece of the solid upper mantle below. Geologists call this combination of crust and upper mantle the _____________________________. Tectonic PlatesDescribe the theory of plate tectonics:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Major Tectonic Plates1. _____________________2. _____________________3. _____________________4. _____________________5. _____________________ 6. _____________________ 7. _____________________ 8. _____________________ 9. _____________________ 10. _____________________ContinentalcrustOceanic crustrift valleymagmaLithosphereLithospheretrenchtrenchmid-ocean ridgeSubduction zone3. _________________________________Describe:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________Key Vocabulary Terms• basaltic oceanic crust• conservative• continental crust• continental plate• convergent• divergent• Earth’s crust• lithosphere• oceanic plate• spreading center• subduction zone• tectonic plates• theory of plate tectonics• transform\|xiBAHBDy01792pzY© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4105www.newpathlearning.comPlate TectonicsLandforms & Topographic Mapsplainplateaumountains© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4551Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.Photos courtesy of USGS, USFWS, USDA & NPS.Types of LandformsThree major types of landforms are plains, plateaus and mountains. A plain is a large region of nearly flat or gently rolling land with little change in elevation. A plateau is a highly elevated flat region that often contains rivers and streams. Mountains are high elevation landforms with steep slopes. CASCADE RANGESIERRA NEVADACOLORADOPLATEAUOZARKPLATEAUGREAT PLAINSPacicOceanAtlanticOceanGulf of MexicoCENTRALLOWLANDSSUPERIORUPLANDSADIRONDACKMOUNTAINSGULF COAST PLAINCOLUMBIAPLATEAUSNAKE RIVERPLATEAUGREAT BASINROCKY MOUNTAINSAPPALACHIAN MOUNTAINSAPPALACHIAN PLATEAUPIEDMONT PLATEAUATLANTIC COASTAL PLAINCOASTAL RANGECoastal plainsInterior plains/lowlandsMountainsPlateaus/uplandsBasins/mountainsPASTPLAAUWhat is a Topographic Map?A topographic map provides information about the surface features of a particular area. Topographic maps show natural features such as rivers and mountains as well as human-made features like buildings, roads and bridges. The symbols that represent map features are found in the legend.13500130001250012500120001150011000110001000011000100001050095001050085001300014000primary highwaysecondary highwaytrailriverstreamwetlandsbridgecontour line - elevationMap SymbolsTopographic Map Contour LinesContour lines on a topographic map connect points of equal elevation. An index contour is a darker, heavier line with a marked elevation. The contour interval is the difference in elevation between two contour lines. The relief is the distance between the highest and lowest elevation points on the map.Contour lines never cross. When the lines are spaced close together, the slope is steep. If they are spread apart, the slope is gentle. Contour lines that cross a valley or stream are V-shaped with the V pointing toward the higher elevation. Tops of hills or depressions are shown as closed circles.11850contour intervalreliefhighestlowestindex contourcontour linessteep slope12250120001175011500110001100011250110001050010750107501100012500Pause and ReviewIdentify the parts of the topographic map and answer the questions below.What do contour lines represent? _______________________________________________What is the contour interval for this map? _______________________________________What is the highest elevation on the map? _______________________________________What is the lowest elevation on the map? ________________________________________What is the map relief? ________________________________________________________Landforms & Topographic Maps© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4551Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.index contourcontour lineshighwaytrailriverstreamwetlandsbridgecontour lineMap Symbolssteep slope1275012650125501255012450122501235012050118501175012250119501215012850Weather© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4558Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources. 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100HUMIDITY-40-40-30-20-1001020304050-2002040608010012060708090100140160180200relative humidity 100%dewpoint20dewpointrelative humidity 100%Some photos courtesy of NASA & NOAA.Earth’s atmosphereelectromagneticradiationecroadnehigh pressurelow pressurelow pressurehigh pressurelow pressureSun’s radiationNorth poleSouth poleEquatorCoriolis eect0º30ºN60ºN60ºS30ºSlow pressurehigh pressurelow pressurehigh pressurelow pressureevaporationcondensationprecipitationprecipitationrun-otiGlobal WindsGlobal winds are created by the differences in temperature and air pressure between the poles and the equator. The curved direction of these winds is caused by the Earth’s rotation and is called the Coriolis effect. The condition of the atmosphere at a specific time in a specific place is known as the weather. The weather includes and is affected by temperature, wind, water and air pressure. The Water CycleThe water cycle is the movement of water from the Earth’s surface to the atmosphere and back. The Sun’s energy heats water, causing it to evaporate and form water vapor. When water vapor accumulates, clouds will form. Eventually water precipitates out of the clouds and falls back to Earth.HumidityThe amount of water vapor in the air is called humidity. Relative humidity is the percentage of water vapor in the air as compared to the maximum possible humidity at a certain temperature. The dew point is the temperature at which the water vapor will condense to form water droplets or ice crystals.Weather is driven by energy from the Sun. Energy reaches the Earth as electromagnetic radiation. Molecules in the atmosphere and on Earth absorb this radiation and begin to vibrate, creating heat energy. Next >