< Previous____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Biomes of the World Describe the following biomes: The Nitrogen Cycleoxygen21%nitrogen78%Earth’s Atmosphereother1%What is nitrogen? _______________________________________________________________________________________________How is nitrogen recycled? __________________________________________________________________________________________The Carbon CycleWhat is carbon? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How is carbon recycled? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________DecompositionNitrogen CycleWhat is decomposition?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4504www.newpathlearning.comPhotos courtesy of NASA, NOAA, USFWS, USNPS.Key Vocabulary Terms• biome • nitrogen• carbon • oxygen• carbon dioxide • photosynthesis• deciduous • rainforest• decomposer • respiration• decomposition • taiga• desert • tundra• grassland\|xiBAHBDy01713kzUCycles of Life & BiomesTo help understand living things, scientists break them down into groups by their traits. This is called biological classification. Presently, there are eight levels of groups: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. New discoveries in genetics may cause some regrouping of organisms and their classification over time. The three Domains (Archaea, Eubacteria and Eukaryota) are the highest level of classification to date. They include all known living things on Earth.The Eubacteria Domain is made up of bacteria, which are single-celled living things also known as microorganisms. They are prokaryotes, lacking cell nuclei and organelles. Bacteria are found everywhere on Earth, from the soil under our feet to inside our bodies. They can cause many human illnesses, but are also vital to life on Earth. The study of microorganisms is called microbiology.The Archaea Domain also has single-celled microorganisms (prokaryotes); however, archeons can survive extreme conditions like scalding hotsprings and very salty areas. A relatively recent discovery, this domain is still being studied and updated.The Eukaryota Domain has more complex organisms with cells that have a nucleus and organelles. They are eukaryotes. This domain is currently divided into four Kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia. The Protista Kingdom is a diverse group, including plant-like algae, animal-like protozoans and fungi-like slime molds. The Fungi Kingdom includes mushrooms, yeasts and molds. They are important detritivores, which break down dead organisms and recycle nutrients back into the environment. They can also cause problems when they invade an organism as a fungal infection, like athlete’s foot. They are extremely important to humans, as the source of penicillin, which kills bacteria, and the source of yeast, which drives useful processes like fermentation and rising bread.The Plant Kingdom includes trees, shrubs, flowers, grasses, ferns and mosses. This group is essential to all life on Earth, because they can make their own food using sunlight through the process of photosynthesis. Plants are the primary producers which feed all animal life, including us. They also absorb carbon dioxide and produce life-giving oxygen. The Animal Kingdom includes nine groups or Phyla (plural of phylum): Annelida - segmented wormsNematoda - round wormsPlatyhelminthes - flat wormsArthropoda - insects, spidersPorifera - spongesCnidaria - coral, jellyfishEchinodermata - starfish, sea urchinsMollusca - snails, slugs, clams, squid, octopi Chordata - mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, amphibians Classification of Living Things94-4021To help understand living things, scientists break them down into groups by their traits. This is called biological classification. Presently, there are eight levels of groups: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. New discoveries in genetics may cause some regrouping of organisms and their classification over time. The three Domains (Archaea, Eubacteria and Eukaryota) are the highest level of classification to date. They include all known living things on Earth.The Eubacteria Domain is made up of ______________________________which are single-celled living things, also known as microorganisms. They are prokaryotes, lacking cell nuclei and organelles. Bacteria are found everywhere on Earth from the soil under our feet to inside our bodies. They can cause many human illnesses, but are also vital to life on Earth. The study of microorganisms is called microbiology.The Archaea Domain also has ___________________-celled microorganisms (prokaryotes); however, archeons can survive extreme conditions. The Eukaryota Domain has more complex organisms with cells that have a __________________________ and organelles. This domain is currently divided into four Kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia. The ______________________ Kingdom is a diverse group, including plant-like _____________________ animal-like protozoans and fungi-like slime molds. The Fungi Kingdom has mushrooms, _______________________ and _______________________. They are detritivores, which break down _______________ organisms and recycle nutrients back into the environment. They are extremely important to humans, as the source of _______________________, which kills bacteria, and the source of yeast, which drives useful processes like fermentation and rising bread.The Plant Kingdom includes trees, shrubs, flowers, grasses, ferns and mosses. This group is essential to all life on Earth, because they can make their own food, using sunlight through the process of ________________________________. Plants are the primary producers which feed all animal life, including us. They also absorb ___________________________ and produce life-giving ____________________. The Animal Kingdom includes nine groups or Phyla: Annelida - segmented ______________ Nematoda - round ______________Platyhelminthes - ____________ worms Arthropoda - _______________, spidersPorifera - _________________Cnidaria - coral, __________________Echinodermata - __________________, sea urchins Mollusca - _____________, _____________, ______________, squid, octopiChordata - ____________________, ______________, ______________, __________, amphibians Classification of Living ThingsP GenerationF1 GenerationF2 Generation12BBBBbbbbBBBBBbbBbbbbtalltalltalltalltallseedshapeseedcolorpodshapepodcolorstem heightshort(recessive)greensmoothyellowgreenroundrecessivealleledominantallelewrinkledpinchedyellowtall(dominant)chromosomebbBBBbwhite rabbitblack rabbitblack rabbitcell nucleusDNA strandgenenucleolusHow many chromosomes?Human 46Gorilla 48Crayfish 200Cat 38Dog 78Pea plant 14Black fur BBBlack fur BbWhite fur bbPhenotypeGenotypeMendel’s ExperimentsIn a typical experiment, Mendel crossed purebred tall-stemmed plants with purebred short-stemmed plants (parental or P generation). The first-generation or F1 generation resulted in all tall-stemmed plants. The subsequent, F2 generation had about 75% tall and 25% short- stemmed plants.Chromosomes and Inheritance The cell nucleus of most organisms contains chromosomes. The number of chromosomes is unique for each species. Each chromosome is made up of thousands of different genes which contain the instructions for an organism’s traits.Phenotypes and GenotypesA phenotype is the physical appearance of a particular organism. The genotype is the genetic make-up of a particular organism. Punnett SquareA Punnett Square is a chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that result from a genetic cross. A capital letter (B) is used to represent a dominant trait and a lowercase letter (b) the recessive trait.Dominant and Recessive AllelesMendel began to notice that some of the pea plants had similar traits as their parents. He hypothesized that each parent passes to the offspring a factor or a set of genetic “information” which controls a trait. The factors now called genes exist in pairs known as alleles, one inherited from each parent. An allele is a different form of a gene. A dominant allele is one whose trait will always show up in its presence. A recessive allele is one whose trait will be masked whenever the dominant allele is present. Gregor MendelGregor Mendel (1822-1884) an Austrian monk is known for his pea plant experiments that demonstrated the process of heredity. His discoveries form the foundation of genetics – the study of heredity.www.newpathlearning.com© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4603tallshortshortGenetics: The Study of Hereditytallshort12BBbbBBbbtalltalltalltalltallbbBBBbKey Vocabulary Terms• allele • inheritance• chromosome • nucleolus• DNA strand • nucleus• dominant • parent• experiment • phenotype• gene • Punnett Square• generation • purebred• genotype • recessive• heredity • traitMendel’s ExperimentsDescribe Mendel’s typical experiment below: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Chromosomes and Inheritance The cell nucleus of most organisms contains ___________________. The number of chromosomes is unique for each species. Each chromosome is made up of thousands of different ___________________ which contain the instructions for an organism’s traits.Phenotypes and GenotypesWhat is the difference between a phenotype and genotype?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Punnett SquareWhat is a Punnett Square? ____________________________________________________________________________________Complete the Punnet Square below:Dominant and Recessive AllelesDescribe:trait _____________________________________________________ gene _____________________________________________________ allele _____________________________________________________ dominant _____________________________________________________ recessive _____________________________________________________ Gregor MendelWho is Gregor Mendel? ________________________________________________________________________www.newpathlearning.com© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4603tallshortshortseedshapeseedcolorpodshapepodcolorstem heightshort(recessive)greensmoothyellowgreenroundrecessivealleledominantallelewrinkledpinchedyellowtall(dominant)\|xiBAHBDy01750pzYGenetics: The Study of HereditytallshortHuman Body Systems© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4197www.newpathlearning.comneurondendriteaxonsynapseSkeletal SystemMain functions of the skeletal system:1. Enables you to move around2. Protects internal organs3. Provides support and determines the shape of your body4. Stores materials5. Produces blood cells Muscular SystemSkeletal muscles are voluntary muscles attached to the bones of your skeleton and provide you with the ability to move. Smooth muscles are involuntary muscles on the insides of internal organs. These muscles work automatically to control many functions of the body. Cardiac (heart) muscle has characteristics in common with both skeletal and smooth muscles. Integumentary System The skin covers the body, prevents water loss, gathers information from the environment, eliminates waste, protects the body from injury and infection, produces vitamin D, and regulates the body’s temperature. There are two main layers of the skin: the dermis and epidermis. cardiac muscleskeletal musclesmooth muscleDigestive System Main functions of the digestive system: 1. Breaks down food into nutrients that the body can use.2. Absorbs nutrients into the blood and sends them throughout the body.3. Eliminates waste from the body.liverstomachpancreasdigestive juicessmallintestinegallbladderEndocrine SystemThis system controls many of the body’s daily activities and regulates growth and development. Endocrine glands produce and secrete special chemicals called hormones. Hormones control many different functions of the body by speeding up, slowing down, or turning on or off the activities of various organs.Reproductive SystemThe male reproductive system includes the testes which produce sperm cells and testosterone. Testosterone is a hormone that controls the physical characteristics of a male. The female reproductive system produces eggs and provides nourishment for developing offspring, if an egg is fertilized. The organs of the female reproductive system include the vagina, uterus, and ovaries.Immune SystemThe immune system can tell the difference between various pathogens that may invade the body so that they are specifically targeted. White blood cells involved with the immune response are called lymphocytes. Respiratory SystemThe respiratory system consists of the airways, the lungs, and the respiratory muscles that assist the movement of air into and out of the body. The primary function of this system is to supply the blood with oxygen and to remove carbon dioxide. The lungs are the key organs of the respiratory system where gas exchange occurs. Circulatory SystemThis system is made up of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The circulatory system moves nutrients, gases and wastes to and from body cells by the pumping action of the heart. It also helps to fight disease, infections, and to maintain a constant body temperature.The heart is a hollow muscular organ that pumps blood to all the cells in the body. It is protected by the rib cage. Excretory System This system collects and eliminates waste produced by the body. Excess water and urea are the main wastes that the body needs to eliminate. The structures of the excretory system include the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. Nervous SystemThe nervous system is a communication network that gathers information from inside and outside the body, responds to the information it gathers, and helps to maintain homeostasis. The nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord and nerves.thyroidthymuspituitaryadrenalspancreasovariestestesaortaleft atriumleft ventricleright atriumright ventriclepulmonary arteryhairnervesweat glandoil glandhair folliclemuscleblood vesselsfatdermisepidermiskidneyadrenal glandureteraortalymph nodelymph vesselsO2CO2alveolarair spaceredbloodcellalveolicapillaries© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4197www.newpathlearning.comHuman Body SystemsSkeletal SystemWhat are the main functions of the skeletal system?1. ______________________________________________2. ______________________________________________3. ______________________________________________4. ______________________________________________5. ______________________________________________Endocrine SystemEndocrine glands produce and secrete special chemicals called ___________________.Circulatory SystemThis system is made up of the _______________, _______________________, and _____________.Digestive SystemWhat are the main functions of the digestive system?1. _____________________________________________2. _____________________________________________3. _____________________________________________The Muscular SystemDescribe the 3 types of muscles;Skeletal ______________________________________Smooth ______________________________________Cardiac _______________________________________Integumentary SystemWhat is the function of skin?__________________________________________________________________________________Name the systems of the human body.1. _____________________________2. _____________________________3. _____________________________4. _____________________________5. _____________________________ 6. _____________________________ 7. _____________________________ 8. _____________________________ 9. _____________________________ 10. _____________________________ 11. _____________________________© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4602www.newpathlearning.comCell membrane is the gate keeper of the cell that controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell.Plant CellWhat is a Cell?The cell is the basic building block of all living organisms. It is the smallest unit of an organism that can carry out the functions of life. Robert Hooke was one of the first people to observe cells using his own compound microscope in 1663.Some cells are single, self-sustaining organisms such as amoebas and bacteria; other cells are part of multicellular organisms and cannot survive alone.bacteriaamoebaparameciumskin cellsnerve cell(neuron)blood cellsThe structures within the cell are known as organelles which carry out specific functions.Endoplasmic reticulum is a transport system of tubes and channels connecting organelles in the cell.Nucleus is the control center of the cell. It houses the nucleolus and the genetic material (chromatin). Nuclear envelope is a membrane which surrounds and protects the nucleus.Nucleolus is the site where ribosomes are made. Chromatin contains the genetic material that is used for directing the cell functions.Nuclear pores allow materials to pass in and out of the nucleus.Ribosomes are the factories that produce proteins needed by the cell.Cytoplasm is a gel-like substance containing the organelles.Lysosome contains chemicals (enzymes) that break down and recycle harmful materials.Mitochondrion is a rod-like structure that converts the energy in food molecules to a form that the cell can use.Golgi bodies are organelles that direct different materials made in the cell where they need to go. Cell wall is a rigid outer layer of plant cells that provides support.Vacuoles are sacs that contain water and store nutrients and waste products. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll which captures energy from the Sun and uses it to produce food for the plant in a process known as photosynthesis.Specialized CellsThe human body consists of trillions of cells, including some 200 different cell types that vary greatly in size, shape and function. Sperm cells are the tiniest human cells, a few micrometers wide (1/12,000 of an inch); whereas the longest cells, the neurons that run from the tip of the big toe to the spinal cord, can be as long as several feet in an average adult!Animal CellproteincarbohydrateInside CellOutside Celllipid bilayerCells - The Basic Units of Life© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4602www.newpathlearning.comPlant CellWhat is a Cell?What is a Cell? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What is an organelle? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Specialized CellsThe human body consists of trillions of cells, including some 200 different cell types that vary greatly in size, shape and function. Animal CellKey Vocabulary Terms• cell membrane • mitochondrion• cell wall • nuclear • chloroplasts envelope• chromatin • nuclear pores• cytoplasm • nucleolus • endoplasmic • nucleus reticulum • photosynthesis• Golgi bodies • ribosomes • lysosome • vacuoles proteincarbohydrateInside CellOutside Celllipid bilayer\|xiBAHBDy01742kzUCells - The Basic Units of LifeHow Traits are Inherited© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4421Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.spermeggfertilized cell(zygote)FertilizationWhen an egg and sperm come together at fertilization, the embryo receives a copy of each parent’s chromosomes. AAAACCCCGGGGTTTTBBbbBbfatherhomozygousBBhomozygousbbheterozygousBbmotherchildXWhat Is Heredity?Heredity is the passing of traits or characteristics from one generation to the next. What is a Trait?The production of different proteins determines the traits of an organism. A trait is an inherited characteristic.Humans have 46 chromosomes that are present in 23 pairs. One chromosome in each pair is inherited from the mother, and the other from the father. The inherited genes on these chromosomes contain DNA sequences that are related to particular traits. A person inherits two copies of each gene. Homozygous & Heterozygous AllelesA person can inherit two of the same alleles, called homozygous. Or a person can inherit two different alleles, called heterozygous.DNAgenegeneproteintraitfathermothereyebrowshapeeyebrow shapeBbfathermotherallelesAlleles - Alternate Gene FormsGenes exist in alternate forms called alleles. For example, the gene that determines eyebrow shape has two alleles—one codes for bushy eyebrows and the other fine eyebrows. BbNext >