< PreviousCocaine Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. www.newpathlearning.com © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-6848 What is Cocaine? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ How does Cocaine change the way the Brain works? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ How does Cocaine affect the Heart? _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ List Short-Term Health Effects: •_________________________________ •_________________________________ •_________________________________ • _________________________________ •_________________________________ •_________________________________ • _________________________________ • _________________________________ List Long-Term Health Effects: •_________________________________ •_________________________________ •_________________________________ • _________________________________ •_________________________________ •_________________________________ • _________________________________ • _________________________________ transporter blocked by cocaine buildup of dopamine overactivation of receiving neuron Transmitting Neuron Receiving NeuronHow do people use methamphetamine? People can smoke methamphetamine or snort the powder up their nose. They can also inject methamphetamine into their bodies with a needle. People use the crystal version of methamphetamine by smoking it in a glass pipe. Some people take the drug again and again over a long period of time. This is because the high that people feel from taking methamphetamine doesn’t last long. This is called a binge. When people are on a meth binge, they might give up food and sleep for days. How does methamphetamine affect your brain & body? Methamphetamine creates more of the chemical (neurotransmitter) dopamine in your brain. These large amounts of dopamine can change the way the brain works and can lead users to look for the drug over and over. Can you become addicted to methamphetamine? Yes, you can. Over time, methamphetamine changes the way your brain works. If you stop using it, you can start to feel really sick. This makes it hard to stop. This is called addiction . There is no way to predict who is likely to become addicted, it can happen to anyone. The right treatment can help someone who is using methamphetamine feel better and stop taking it, but treatment is hard work and it can take many years to recover from the addiction. The best approach is to never start using the drug in the first place. What if someone I know needs help? If you think a friend or family member has a problem with drugs, talk to an adult you trust—like a parent, coach, or teacher—right away. Remember, treatment is available and people can get better. Methamphetamine What is Methamphetamine? Short-Term Effects •more energy •high body temperature •fast heart rate •faster breathing •loss of appetite Long-Term Effects • anxiety and confusion • rotting teeth, or “meth mouth” • extreme weight loss • itchy skin • skin sores caused by scratching Methamphetamine is a stimulant drug that can make you feel extra energized. It can look like a white powder, or it can be made into clear crystal shapes. Illegal methamphetamine is called “meth.” Other names for meth are speed, crystal, and ice. Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. www.newpathlearning.com © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-6849 excess dopamine skin sores fast heart rate fast breathingMethamphetamine Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. www.newpathlearning.com © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-6849 What is Methamphetamine? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ How do people use methamphetamine? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ How does methamphetamine affect the body & brain? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Can you become addicted to methamphetamine? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ What should you do if someone you know needs help? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ List Short-Term Effects: • _________________________________ • _________________________________ • _________________________________ • _________________________________ • _________________________________ List Long-Term Effects: • _________________________________ • _________________________________ • _________________________________ • _________________________________ • _________________________________How do Steroids affect the Brain? Many of the effects of steroids are brought about through their actions in the hypothalamus and limbic system of the brain. Since the hypothalamus has a major role in maintaining normal hormone levels, disrupting its normal functioning also disrupts the body’s hormones. This can result in a reduction in normal testosterone production in males and loss of the monthly period in females. Similarly, steroids can also disrupt the functioning of the limbic system which is involved in learning, memory, and regulation of moods. People who take anabolic steroids can exhibit violent behavior, impaired judgment, and even psychotic symptoms. Misuse of anabolic steroids might lead to negative mental effects, such as: • paranoid jealousy • extreme irritability and aggression • delusions impaired judgment • mania What are Anabolic Steroids? Anabolic Steroids Short-Term Effects • oily skin & acne • fluid retention • yellowing of skin • stunts growth in teens Long-Term Effects • kidney problems or failure • liver damage & tumors • enlarged heart • high blood pressure • changes in blood cholesterol • increased risk of blood clots What are other health effects of anabolic steroids? Hypothalamus • regulates hormones • maintains body temperature & vital body functions Hippocampus • emotions & motivation • memory Thalamus sensory perception motor funtions Limbic lobe Amygdala • emotions & motivation, particularly related to survival (fear, anger, sex) Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. www.newpathlearning.com © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-6850 Anabolic steroids are chemicals that are similar to the male sex hormone testosterone and are often used to enhance muscle size . While health care providers may prescribe anabolic steroids to treat various medical conditions, some athletes and bodybuilders misuse these drugs to boost performance or improve their physical appearance. Misuse can damage various body organs and may trigger dependency in users, particularly when taken in large doses. Anabolic Steroids What are other health effects of anabolic steroids? Hypothalamus • regulates hormones • maintains body temperature & vital body functions Hippocampus • emotions & motivation • memory Thalamus sensory perception motor funtions Limbic lobe Amygdala • emotions & motivation, particularly related to survival (fear, anger, sex) Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. www.newpathlearning.com © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-6850 What are Anabolic Steroids? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ How do steroids affect the brain? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ List Short-Term Effects: • _________________________________ • _________________________________ •_________________________________ •_________________________________ Misuse of steroids might lead to: •__________________________ • __________________________ •__________________________ •__________________________ •__________________________ List Long-Term Effects: • _________________________________ • _________________________________ •_________________________________ •_________________________________ • _________________________________ • _________________________________What are Hallucinogens? Hallucinogens are a diverse group of drugs that alter perception (awareness of surrounding objects and conditions), thoughts, and feelings. They cause hallucinations , or sensations and images that seem real though they are not. Hallucinogens can be found in some plants and mushrooms, or can be human-made. People have used hallucinogens for centuries, mostly for religious rituals. Common hallucinogens include the following: • DMT is a powerful mind-altering chemical found in some Amazonian plants. It can be used to make a tea (Ayahuasca). • D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a powerful mood-changing chemical. • Peyote is a small, spineless cactus with mescaline as its main ingredient. • Psilocybin comes from certain types of mushrooms found in tropical regions of South America, Mexico and the U.S. Some hallucinogens also cause users to feel out of control or disconnected from their body and environment. Common examples include Dextromethorphan (DXM) , Ketamine , Phencyclidine (PCP) and Salvia divinorum (salvia). Short-Tem Effects of Hallucinogens Effects of hallucinogens begin within 20-90 minutes of taking them and can last as long as 6 to 12 hours. Short-term effects of hallucinogens include: • hallucinations • increased heart rate • nausea • intensified feelings & sensory experiences • changes in sense of time Long-Tem Effects of Hallucinogens Ketamine users may develop bladder, kidney problems and poor memory. Repeated use of PCP can result in speech problems, memory loss, weight loss, anxiety, depression and suicidal thoughts. Certain hallucinogens can be addictive or people can develop a tolerance to them. Hallucinogens How do hallucinogens affect the brain? Some hallucinogens interfere with the action of the brain chemical serotonin, which regulates: • mood • sensory perception • sleep • hunger • body temperature • sexual behavior • muscle control Dissociative hallucinogenic drugs interfere with the action of the brain chemical glutamate, which regulates: • pain perception • responses to the environment • emotion • learning and memory speech touch hearing vision LSD Research suggests that hallucinogens work at least partially by temporarily disrupting communication between brain chemical systems throughout the brain and spinal cord. They affect regions and structures in the brain that are responsible for coordination, thought processes, hearing, and sight. seratonin vesicle with dopamine dopamine receptors reuptake pump transporter blocked normal reuptake of seratonin Receiving Neuron Transmitting Neuron Reuptake of seratonin is blocked causing accumulation in the synapse. Seratonin receptors are excessively activated. Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. www.newpathlearning.com © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-6851Hallucinogens Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. www.newpathlearning.com © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-6851 What are Hallucinogens? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Common hallucinogens include: • ______________________________________________________ • ______________________________________________________ • ______________________________________________________ • ______________________________________________________ • ______________________________________________________ • ______________________________________________________ List Short-Term Effects: •_________________________________ •_________________________________ •_________________________________ •_________________________________ •_________________________________ List Long-Term Effects: • _________________________________ • _________________________________ • _________________________________ • _________________________________ • _________________________________ • _________________________________ • _________________________________ How do hallucinogens affect the brain? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________Marijuana What is Marijuana? Marijuana is a green, brown, or gray mixture of dried, shredded leaves, stems, seeds and flowers of the hemp , or cannabis plant . It goes by many different names— pot , herb , weed , grass , reefer —and stronger forms include sinsemilla (sin-seh-me-yah), hashish (“hash” for short), and hash oil . Users can smoke marijuana, put it into tea, or cook it into food. How does marijuana work? All forms of marijuana are psychoactive and change how the brain works. Marijuana contains more than 400 chemicals, including THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol). THC is the main active chemical in marijuana, so the amount of THC in it, determines its strength and therefore its effects. What happens if you smoke marijuana? Some people feel nothing at all when they smoke marijuana. Others may feel relaxed or “high.” Some experience sudden feelings of anxiety and paranoid thoughts. How is marijuana likely to affect you? •Learning: Marijuana’s effects on attention and memory make it difficult to learn something new or do complex tasks that require focus and concentration. •Sports: Marijuana affects timing, movement, and coordination, which can harm athletic performance. •Judgment: Marijuana can alter judgment and lead to poor decisions and risky behaviors. Long Term Effects •Increased heart rate. When someone uses marijuana, their heart rate (normally 70 to 80 beats per minute) may increase or even double. This increases the risk of a heart attack. cannabis plantmarijuana oil & dried formsmarijuana baked goods • Respiratory (lung and breathing) problems. Smoke from marijuana irritates the lungs, and can cause a chronic cough—effects similar to those from regular cigarettes. Many people who smoke marijuana also smoke cigarettes, which cause cancer—and smoking marijuana can make it harder to quit cigarette smoking. • Increased risk for mental health problems. Marijuana use has been linked with depression and anxiety , as well as suicidal thoughts among teens. Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. www.newpathlearning.com © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-6852Marijuana Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. www.newpathlearning.com © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-6852 What is Marijuana? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ How does marijuana work? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Long Term Effects of Using Marijuana • Heart Rate: ______________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ • Lungs: __________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ • Mental Health: ___________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ How can marijuana affect you? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ • Learning: _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ • Sports: _ __________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ • Judgement: _______________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________CNS Depressants What are Depressants? Depressants, sometimes referred to as central nervous system (CNS) depressants or tranquilizers, slow down (or “depress”) the normal activity that goes on in the brain and spinal cord. Doctors often prescribe them for people who are anxious or can’t sleep. When prescription depressants are taken as prescribed by a doctor, they can be relatively safe and helpful. However, it is considered misuse when they are taken not as prescribed, to get “high,” or when you take pills prescribed for someone else. Misuse can lead to dependence and addiction. Depressants can be divided into three primary groups: barbiturates, benzodiazepines and sleep medications. Common street names include: A-minus, Barbs, Candy, Downers, Phennies, Red Birds, Reds, Sleeping Pills, Tooies, Tranks, Yellows, Yellow Jackets, and Zombie Pills. Effects Short-term Effects include: drowsiness, slurred speech, poor concentration, confusion, dizziness, problems with movement and memory, lowered blood pressure, slowed breathing. Long-term effects are not known and need further study. Other Health-related Issues • Sleep medications are sometimes used as date rape drugs. • Risk of HIV, hepatitis, and other infectious diseases from shared needles. • In combination with alcohol, they can further slow heart rate and breathing, which can lead to death. How Prescription Depressants are Misused People misuse depressants by taking them in a way that is not intended, such as: • Taking someone else’s prescription depressant medication, even if it is for a medical reason like sleep problems. • Taking a depressant medication in a way other than prescribed— for instance, taking more than the prescribed dose or taking it more often, or crushing pills into powder or opening capsules to snort or inject the drug. • Taking a depressant to get “high.” • Taking a depressant with other drugs or to counteract the effects of other drugs, such as stimulants. • Mixing them with other substances, like alcohol or prescription opioids. TypeUsed to Treat Barbiturates mephobarbital (Mebaral ® ) phenobarbital (Luminal ® ) sodium pentobarbital (Nembutal ® ) Benzodiazepines alprazolam (Xanax ® ) clonazepam (Klonopin ® ) diazepam (Valium ® ) estazolam (ProSom ® ) lorazepam (Ativan ® ) Sleep Medications eszopiclone (Lunesta ® ) zolpidem (Ambien ® ) zaleplon (Sonata ® ) Seizure disorders Anxiety and tension Acute stress reactions Panic attacks Convulsions Sleep disorders Sleep disorders Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. www.newpathlearning.com © Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-6853Next >