© Copyright NewPath Learning. All Rights Reserved. 94-4955Visit www.newpathlearning.com for Online Learning Resources.The Immune Responsespleenlymph vesselslymphocytesmacrophagesmalignanttumorscancercellchemicalsT cell antigenantibodyWhat Is an Antigen?An antigen is a marker molecule that the immune system can recognize as either part of the body or as foreign to the body. Pathogens have antigens on the surface of their cells that signal the body’s immune system that there is a foreign invader. red blood cellpart of the bodyantigenforeign to the bodyvirusantigenantigensantibodyleukocyte antibodiesneutralizepathogensantigensneutrophildetects foreign antigen engulfsbacteria12The immune system works in two ways. One type of white blood cell (leukocyte) produces antibodiesantigens that lead to the destruction of the pathogens. Another type of white blood cell (neutrophil) reacts directly against pathogens to destroy them.B LymphocytesIn the immune system’s response, the white blood cells that produce antibodies are called B lymphocytes. Each type of B lymphocyte produces only one kind of antibody. Antibodies help destroy and remove pathogens. AntibodiesAntibodies are proteinsmolecules called antigens, which are present on the cells of invading organisms. Once antibodies bind to antigens, the pathogen is marked for destruction. Some antibodies make it easier for macrophages to destroy the pathogens. A macrophage cell can engulf an invading pathogen and secrete enzymes to destroy it.antigensantibodyleukocytemonocytebecomes macrophagemacrophagedestroys pathogenvirus antibodiesattach toantigensenzymesLymphocyte LocationB and T lymphocytes are scattered together all over the body, especially in the lymph nodes and spleen, which function as pathogens in the body.T LymphocytesT lymphocytes are white blood cells that reacts against pathogens through direct cell contact or by release of chemicals that are toxic to the pathogen. For example, T lymphocytes can attach to cancer cells and release chemicals that poke holes in and kill the cancer cells.lymph nodespleenlymph vesselslympphocytessmacmaccrophagescrophhhggggggggggggggggggggnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaannnnnnnnnnnnnntmmaaaaaaaaaaaaaallllllllllllliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiggggggggggggggggggggggggggggcac ncercellmicalschemT cell antigegennnnnnntttttttttttttttttttibodaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaannnnnnnnnnnnnnnyAn antiggggggggggggggeeeeeeeeeennnnnnnnnnnnnn iiiiiissssssssssss a marker molecule thhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhaaaaaaaaaaaaattttt the immunnnnnnnnnnnnneeeeeeeeeeeee ssssssssssssssyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyssssssssssssstttttttteemmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm ccccccccccccccccaaaaaaaaaaaaan recognize as eiiiiiiiiiiiiitttttthhhhhhhhhhheeeeeeeeeeerrrrrrrrrrr part oooooooooooffffffffffffff tttttttttttthhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhheeeeeeee boooddddddddddddddyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy ooooooooooorr aaaaaaaaaaaaaasssssssssssssss ffffffffffoooooreign ttooooooo the bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbboooooooooooooodddddddddddddddyyyyyyyy...... 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One type of white blood cell (leukocyte) produces antibodiesantigens that lead to the destruction of the pathogens. Another type of white blood cell (neutrophil) reacts directly against pathogens to destroy them.In the immune system’s responnnnnnnnnnnnsssssssssseeeeeeeeeee,,,,,,,, thhhhhhee wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhhhhhhhhhhhhhhiiiiite blood cells that produce antiboddddddddiiiiiiiiiiiieeeeeeeeeeeeeessssssss aaaaaaaaaaaaarrrrrrrrrreeeeeeeee calledd BBBBBBBBBBBBB lllllllllllllyyyyyyyyyyyyyymmmmmphhhhhhhhhhhhhoooooooooooocccccccccccyyyyyyyyyyytes. Each type of B lymphocyyyyyyyyyyyyytttttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeee pppppppprrrrrrrrrrrrrrrooooooooooooducccccccccccceeeeeeeeeeeeessssssssssss only oneeeeeeeeee kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkiiiiiiiiiiinnnnnnnnnnnnnnnd oooooooooofffffffffffff antibody. Antibodies help ddddddddddddeeeeeeeeeeeeeestrrrrrrrrroooooooooooooyyyyyyyy aaaaaaaaaaaaaannnnnnnnnnnnnddddddddddddd remmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmooooooooooooooovvvvvvve pathoggggggggeeeeeeeeeennnnnnnnnns. Antibodies are proteinsmolecules called antigens, which are present on the cells of invading organisms. Once antibodiesbind to antigens, the pathogen is marked for destruction. Some antibodies make it easier for macrophages to destroy the pathogens. A macrophage cell can engulf an finvadingpathogen and secrete enzymes to dddddddddddddddeeeeeeeeeeessstttttttttttrrrrrrrrrrrroooooooooooooooyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy it.aaaannnnnnttttttttiggggggeensnnnnnnnntttttttttttttttiiiiiiiiiiiigggggggggggggensaaaaaaaaantibodb dylkleukoccccccccccccccccccccyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyttttttemonocytmebecomes macrophageacrophagemroys pathogendestrpviiiiiiiiirrrrrrrrrrrruuuuuuuuuuuuuussssssssssss aaaaaaaaaaaannnnnnnnnnnntttttttttttiiiiiiibbbbbbbbbbbbbooooooodddiiiiiiiiieeeeeeeeeeeeessssssssaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaattttttttttttttttttaaaaaccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhh tttttttttttoooooooooaaaaaaaaaaaaaaannnnnnnnnnnnnttttttttigensenzymeeeeeeeeeeessssssssssssssssssssssssssBBBBBBBBBBBBBB aaaaaaaaaaaaannnnnnnnnnnnnddddddddddddddddddd TTTTTTTTTTT lymphocytes are scattered together all over the body, especcccccccciiiiiiiiially in the lymph nodes and spleen, which function as pathogens in the body.T lymphocyyyyyyyytttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeees aaaaaaaaaaaaarrrrrrrrreeeeeeeeeee wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhiiiiiiiiiiitttttttttttteeeeeeeeeee bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbllllllllllooooooooddddddddddddd cccccccccceeeeeeeeeeells thhhhhhhhhhhhhaaaaaaaaaaaatttttttttttt rrrrrrrrrrreeeeeeactttttttttssssssssssss aaaaaaaaaaaaaaggggggggggggainst pathogenss tttttttttttttthhhhhhhhhhhhrooooooooooouuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuggggggggggggggghhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh ddddddddddddiiiiiiiiiiiiiirrrrrrrrrrrrrreeeect ceeeeelllllllllllllllllllllll ccccccccccccooooooooonnttttttttttaaaaaaaaaacccccccccctttttttttt or bbbbyyyyyyyyyy rrrrrrrrrrrrrreeeeeeeeeeeelllllllleassssseeeeeeeeeeeee oooooooooooooof chemicallssssssssssss ttttthaaaaaaaaaaaaattttttttttttttttt aaaaaaaaaaaaaarrrrrrrrrreeeeeeeeeee tttttttttttttoooooooooooooxxiccccccccc tttttttttttoooo the paaaaaaatttttttttttthhhhhhhhhhhhhhhooooooooooooggggggeeeeeeennnnnnnnnnnnnn.... 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